Fuxin Guanshan Liao Tomb Murals
Apr 06,2023

The location of the Fuxin Guanshan Liao Tomb Group is the cemetery of the Xiao He family, a branch of the Xiao Empress clan in the Liao Dynasty. This family went through the four reigns of Emperor Shengzong, Emperor Xingzong, Emperor Daozong, and Emperor Tianzuo, lasting over a hundred years for six generations. The rise and fall of this family exerted profound influence on the political course of the mid-and-late Liao Dynasty.
Guanshan, 35 kilometers east of Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County, Liaoning Province, is a sacred mountain in the hearts of the Khitans. Both the imperial family and the descendants were buried here, which was considered to be the highest honour.
The Guanshan Liao tombs consist of 9 brick-chambered tombs.  Having inherited and developed the Tang Dynasty tradition of painting murals in tombs, the Liao Dynasty painted large numbers of murals in high-ranking tombs, marking the last peak of tomb murals in China.
The Liao tombs with murals in Liaoning are mainly distributed in Fuxin, Beipiao of Chaoyang, Faku and Kangping of Shenyang, and so forth. The tomb owners were mainly Khitan aristocrats or Han senior officials.
The Liao Dynasty tomb murals can be divided roughly into three categories, namely murals of outings, domestic life, and the spiritual aspirations and interests of tomb owners. Artistically these murals feature the emphasis on realistic depiction and representation of details in ordinary life. Deliberate beautification and exaggeration are rare in these murals.
The joint tomb of Xiao He couple is the highest-ranking tomb of the Xiao clan, with well-preserved murals on both sides of the tomb passage. Among the murals, An Outing in a Camel-drawn Carriage is the most typical work of Liao tomb murals in Liaoning Province.
The representative figures of the high status and authority of the Xiao He family include Xiao Xiaomu who was the prince of Liao, Xiao Noujin, the queen of Emperor Shengzong of the Liao Dynasty, Xiao Tali, the queen of Emperor Xingzong, and Xiao Guanyin, the queen of Emperor Daozong.
According to historians Zhang Zhiyong and Qi Wei, throughout the Liao Dynasty, 6 queens and 19 princes, including those whose titles were conferred posthumously, came from the Xiao He family, which reflects its nobility and matchless glory.

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